来自

ASLA

Recreation at the Intersection of Resilience – Advancing Planning and Design in the Face of Wildfire |

Design Workshop, Inc.

项目概述

PROJECT STATEMENT

在过去的二十年里，加州马里波萨县的每个社区都受到了重大野地火灾的威胁。与大多数游憩系统规划不同的是，马里波萨县的休闲用地和复原力计划（Recreation and Resiliency Plan）坚持认为游憩空间的规划必须超越基本的公园需求，以解决发生在公共土地上的野火以及气候变化等关键问题，同时，公民领袖也应当掌握多层次的规划和设计策略，以应对复原力的问题。

明确的目标和策略使规划者能够实现将复原力措施纳入公园、路径和开放空间的共同利益。由此产生的具有恢复能力的游憩系统可以更好地承受不断变化的条件，并继续提供关键的服务。该计划为马里波萨县提供了支持，使其通过最大限度地减少公共健康、安全和经济方面的风险来提高物理和社会的复原力，同时为最脆弱的群体提供尽可能多的保护，使其能够在野火等受气候影响的事件发生后顺利地生存和发展。

Within the past twenty years, every community in Mariposa County, California, has been threatened by major wildland fires. Counter to most recreation system plans, which prioritizes active recreation to positively improve public health conditions, the Mariposa County Recreation and Resiliency Plan insists that recreation planning must extend beyond basic park needs to address critical issues of wildfire and climate change on public lands, equipping its civic leaders with multilayered planning and design tactics to address resiliency.

Clear goals and strategies enabled planners to achieve the co-benefits of integrating resiliency adaptation measures into parks, trails and open spaces. The resulting resilient recreation system can better withstand changing conditions while continuing to provide critical services. The Plan supports Mariposa County’s ability to increase physical and social resilience by minimizing risks to public health, safety, and economic disruption, and maximizes protection of the most vulnerable so that they survive and thrive after climate-related events like wildfires.

▲美国西部“燃烧”的一年：2020年，加州有超过400万英亩的土地（约占该州的4%）陷入火海，打破了有史以来的大规模火灾记录。马里波萨县面临的最大威胁之一便是野火。The Year the West Burned. In 2020, more than 4 million acres of California—about 4% of the state’s land area—went up in flames, breaking large fire records. One of Mariposa County’s greatest threats is wildfire.

项目说明

PROJECT NARRATIVE

覆盖所有层级的恢复力

马里波萨县是优胜美地国家公园的所在地，拥有超过1.8万居民。面对不断变化的气候，该县期待通过创新来引领民众，采取大胆的行动来保障经济和所有人的生活质量。在具体的行动上，复原力计划试图同时解决长期的压力和突发的严重冲击，例如温度上升、降水事件的变化、公园可达性的缺失、野火、洪水以及疾病的爆发等，并针对这些问题实施设计、运营和维护。

马里波萨休闲用地和复原力总体规划是一个长达20年的愿景，它为该县提供了建立气候复原力模型的方向，同时也为打造理想的生活和休闲场所提供了支持。该计划将帮助马里波萨县实现公平和可持续的发展，并解决其面临的最大风险之一：野火。在规划过程中，景观设计师们调查了马里波萨的公园、开放空间以及路径系统如何能够同时实现休闲基础设施的双重作用，以支持并改善整个地区的健康和复原能力。该计划为未来如何通过投资提高这些目标的实现度提供了策略。

建立复原能力的意义不仅仅是为了创造不同于现在的未来。景观设计师被要求采取具体行动，提出不同方案来应对不断变化和不可预测的状况。由于气候变化的压力和自然灾害的冲击对社区健康、安全和活力都带来了破坏，所有的社会系统都必须为实现具有复原力的社区贡献自己的力量。景观设计师和当地计划常常会对公园系统的规划方案产生影响，以支持公园和休闲设施的开发和维护。这些规划方案从根本上关系到社区的景观，以及居民和使用者与之接触的方式。因此，他们为复原力框架的应用，以及制定能够适应更广泛气候变化和降低风险的决策提供了机会。

改变游戏规则

这一为山区村落和加州中部郡县制定的休闲用地和复原力计划，推动进了当地休闲设施规划的最佳实践。它使马里波萨县同时成为了塑造复原力的典范以及著名的休闲目的地。制定能够应对自然灾害的规划方案显然是具有紧迫性的。在马里波萨县当地，100%的居民都认同抗灾和复原能力的重要性。在最近和未来的几年，休闲用地规划的重点必须是：景观设计师“如何”通过不同的方式实施规划？一项规划如何同时解决休闲与复原力的双重问题？一个系统应如何面对气候变化的影响？如何持续促进社区健康和公平？马里波萨的计划正是这样一个思考“如何”去做的计划，它推动了多种策略的实施，利用公园、路径和开放空间来减少野火的风险，并为灾害救援活动提供了支持。

马里波萨县休闲用地和复原力计划中构想的目标、指导政策以及行动体现了对休闲机会的创新性重塑，在实现多样化服务的同时适应了气候带来的挑战。该计划反映了马里波萨县居民的共同愿望，即拥有并长期维持高质量的公园空间、路径以及各类休闲设施，以同时满足居民和游客日益增长的使用需求。计划的另一个愿景是，利用资金来增加整体乡村景观中的休闲机会，使位于附近中央谷地的郡县以及更远地区的访问人数不断增加。最后，该计划旨在将复原力纳入各项行动，以支持新一代休闲用户的多样化需求。

利用风险和脆弱性数据提供决策依据

该计划的内容和方法为其他景观设计师和有志于营造具有复原力的游憩系统的社区提供了实践框架。该计划的基础是依靠本地数据来了解社区背景；分析环境威胁，如洪水区、曾经发生过的野火事件和树木易亡地区，对内华达山脉地区的气候进行预测；确定该县最弱势的群体，保护其免于遭受气候变化引发的灾难。和许多社区一样，马里波萨的不同人口群体暴露在自然灾害中的风险并不均等。为此，景观设计师对当地人口的多项数据进行了审查，包括人口密度、中位年龄、拉丁裔人口、处于贫困线以下的家庭、有孩子的家庭、老年人家庭等，并勘测了现有的公共设施走廊。

由数据推动的决策最终形成了一个覆盖全县的计划，为提高进入公园和休闲用地的公平性奠定了基础，并通过道路设计以及新公园设施的建设减少了野火的风险。规划过程摒弃了静态的规则制定，而是让主要的合作伙伴参与进来，根据该地区过往的经验教训来提出最佳的实践方案。这些合作伙伴可以帮助确定未来对气候敏感的项目的合理的替代方案。该计划的实施离不开团队与区域机构及组织间的有效合作。

复原力计划需要弹性的宣传方法

2020年3月，全美国开始实行居家隔离政策，这使得景观设计师们面临着两种选择：要么推迟宣传工作，要么在充满未知可能性的情况下对宣传方法予以调整。最终团队决定改变方向，为规划方和利益相关者的参与过程提出适应性和弹性的方法，并推出了一套数字参与工具：基于在线平台的“ESRI故事地图”，将帮助人们对该县的休闲空间及其复原力形成共识和理解。这个互动网站在夏季通过虚拟社区论坛正式发布，通过社交媒体、电子邮件和马里波萨县的官方网站进行宣传，并随着计划的进展持续更新内容。在论坛结束后，项目团队进行的初步调查帮助确定了居民的休闲需求、当地面临的挑战，以及改善休闲空间和提高复原力的机会。

指导委员会在规划过程中起到了至关重要的作用，其成员包括积极致力于改善公共卫生、应对气候变化、促进当地经济和增加休闲机会的各方利益相关者和县政府工作人员。借助数字参与工具“Mural”，该团体在景观设计师的协助下，利用一块虚拟白板，在线上研讨会中描绘了精心设计的远景。该工具被用于勾勒每个休闲用地的计划目标和建议。在指导委员会的最后一次会议上，10个潜在的优选项目被确定出来。最后进行的公众调查旨在筛选出对于马里波萨县的休闲空间及其复原力最可能产生积极影响的实践。

受访者被要求对每个项目在3个方面的影响程度进行排序：休闲机会与可达性、社区健康和福祉，以及复原能力。这一过程展示了社区对三个关键项目的共同认可：这几个项目不仅同时满足了对休闲功能和复原力的要求，还为实现马里波萨的公共健康、经济发展、景观保护和气候变化适应目标提供了机会。

应对野火风险的现实

为了进一步促进落实，该计划制定了一份核对表单，用于监测正在进行的规划、设计以及实施建议，以降低野火的风险并鼓励娱乐和体育活动、社区活动、环保教育以及生境恢复等。具体的建议反映了每个休闲区的不同需求和机会，考量了它们各自的规模、人口分布、土地所有权以及服务水平。为了鼓励这些优选项目的实施，伙伴关系的建立将变得至关重要。一系列不同的衡量标准，例如风险降低的景观亩数，防火隔离带的英里数以及作为景观管理的一部分的文化篝火的重新引入，都被建立起来以检验每项结果成功与否。

潜在的筹资机制被专门用于解决开发和运营的成本。该计划的成功实施依附于对现有设施的改善、为新设施进行的筹资工作，以及对运营和维护的支持。这场积极的、战略性的、汇聚了多方资源的运动提供了具有创新性的融资措施，使马里波萨县复原力计划提出的目标得到了最大程度的实现。

▲复原力的定义：预防自然灾害的紧迫性显而易见。马里波萨县期望通过创新来应对不断变化的气候，并采取大胆的行动来保护经济、生活质量以及所有的居民。Resilience Defined. The urgency to plan for natural disasters is clear. Mariposa County looks to lead with innovation in the face of a changing climate, taking bold actions to protect economy, quality of life and all people.

▲现在是时候了：跨度二十年的休闲用地和复原力计划为马里波萨县确定了方向，使其能够成为建立复原力和创造美好生活条件的典范。该计划将帮助马里波萨县以有效且公平的方式应对紧急的灾害与长期的压力。Now is the Time. The 20-year Recreation and Resiliency Plan sets the direction for Mariposa County as a resiliency leader and a great place to live and recreate. It will help Mariposa effectively and equitably respond to acute shocks and chronic stressors.

▲不同层面的复原力：建立复原力不仅仅是要创造不同以往的未来。景观设计师被要求采取具体行动，为预防野火、促进公平使用以及社区心理和健康问题做出决策，以便应对未来将会持续发生的变化。Layering Resiliency at all Levels. Building resilience is not just about planning for a different future. Landscape architects are called to action to make decisions and address wildfire, equitable access and community mental and physical health to plan for a changing future.

▲从根本上改变固有的思维方式：设计团队调查了有关野火、当地环境和已知弱势群体的最佳可用数据，以建立一个可以阐明休闲基础设施在支持整个社区健康和灾后复原力方面作用的框架。Fundamentally Shifting the Usual Way of Thinking. Best-available data on wildfire, local conditions and known vulnerable populations were investigated to build a framework that articulates the role of recreation infrastructure in supporting community-wide health and resilience to wildfire.

▲休闲用地与复原力的交汇：游憩系统计划通常涉及到公园与路径的开发和维护。将复原力纳入规划框架，将提高该计划在应对不同关键问题时的能力，包括树木死亡、公平性、洪水、野火、社区健康和气候变化等。Intersection of Recreation and Resilience. Recreation system plans typically address development and maintenance of parks and trails. Integrating resiliency into the planning framework expanded the ability of the plan to confront critical issues including tree mortality, equity, flooding, wildfire, community health and climate change impacts.

▲休闲用地与复原力的交汇：该计划是第一个就“如何以休闲用地规划应对气候变化”这一问题而制定的计划。公园本身的规划也是一个关键性的机会，可以针对弱势人群，使决策与更广泛的气候变化适应目标以及降低风险的目标保持一致性。Intersection of Recreation and Resilience. This Plan is the first of its kind to consider how recreation planning confronts climate change. Park plans are a key opportunity to target vulnerable populations and align decisions with wider climate change adaptation and risk reduction objectives.

▲在疫情期间推动计划：在2020年3月规划过程开始之际，全美国开始实行居家隔离政策、外展服工作采用了数字和线上的方式，以确保不同的公共利益方在计划中留下他们的印记。Building Momentum during a Pandemic. At the onset of this planning process in March 2020, stay-at-home orders swept across the country. Outreach was adapted to digital formats to ensure various public interests left their fingerprints on this Plan.

▲改变游戏规则：马里波萨县的休闲用地和复原力计划是第一个打破以往规则的计划。它创新性地制定了一系列目标，利用公园、路径和开放空间来实现复原力的建立，例如应对野火和为抗灾活动提供支持。Creating a Game Changer. The Mariposa County Recreation and Resiliency Plan is the first plan of its kind. It innovates goals that leverage parks, trails and open space to achieve resilient outcomes, like adapting to wildfire and supporting disaster response activities.

▲推进下一个最佳实践：在内华达山脉山麓，一项为乡村地区制定的休闲用地和复原力计划推进了该地区未来的规划发展——将对复原力的考量纳入文化与景观的多个层面。社区成员对与复原力相关的建议均表示了强烈的支持。Advancing the Next Best Practice. The recreation and resiliency plan for a rural county in the Sierra Nevada foothills advances the next best practice in recreation planning – integrating resiliency considerations into multiple dimensions of culture and landscape. Community members expressed strongest support for resilient recommendations.

▲覆盖全县的计划与地方行动：该计划推进了一系列具体的建议，反映了各个社区的需求和机会，并总结出它们的共同特征。这种灵活的方法有助于应对独特的景观和社区条件，以及气候变化的预期影响。County-wide Plan with Local Actions. The Plan advances specific recommendations reflecting the needs and opportunities of individual communities and with common characteristics. This flexibility helps design respond to distinct landscape and community conditions and anticipated effects of climate change.

▲与森林火灾专家通力合作：该计划提出的建议与本县的社区野火防护计划（CWPP）保持了一致，使设计者能够将减少野火风险的考量纳入公园和路径的设计当中，同时帮助大众扩展对于相关工作的认知。Aligned with Wildfire Experts. Plan recommendations align with the County’s Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) empowering the ability of designers to incorporate wildfire risk reduction in park and trail design and to expand awareness of related efforts.

▲路径设计与野火防御的协同增效：道路规划与火灾管理目标协同作用，并扩大了休闲用地的范围。在设计步道时同时考虑加州的野火消防目标，推进建立灭火通道和服务通道中的阻火线，可以有效地降低野火风险。Trails & Wildfire Co-Benefits. Trail planning aligns with fire management objectives while also expanding recreation access. Designing trails in consideration of CalFire wildfire objectives advances suppression access and shaded fuel breaks co-located in utility corridors can reduce wildfire risk.

▲公共健康与安全：复原力中心对应了三种不同的服务模式：正常模式、阻断模式和回复模式。它们全年为弱势社区提供该服务并保持灵活性，以确保在自然灾害发生后的一段时间内能够满足所有的需要。Public Health & Safety. Resilient recreation centers respond to three service modes—normal, disruption and recovery. They serve disadvantaged communities year-round and maintain flexibility to ensure that all needs can be met during periods following natural disasters.

▲有依据且有效的决策：包含具体考量标准的检查表单被用于监测与减少野火风险、促进休闲体育活动、社区活动、环境教育和生境恢复相关的各类建议的实施。为了促进这些优先项目的执行，该计划还确定了每项行动背后的资金与伙伴关系。Informed and Effective Decisions. A checklist with metrics monitors implementation of recommendations that mitigate wildfire risks and promote recreation physical activity, community events, environmental education and habitat restoration. To mobilize these priority projects, funding and partnerships for each action item was identified.

PROJECT NARRATIVE

LAYERING RESILIENCY AT ALL LEVELS

Mariposa County, home to Yosemite National Park and over 18,000 residents, looks to lead with innovation in the face of a changing climate—taking bold actions to protect economy, quality of life, and all people. In action, resilience planning includes addressing chronic stressors and acute shocks such as increasing temperatures, shifts in precipitation events, inadequate access to parks, wildfires, floods and disease outbreaks in design, operations and maintenance.

The Mariposa Recreation and Resiliency Master Plan is a 20-year vision that sets the direction for the County to model climate resilience and to support its role as a desirable place to live and recreate. The Plan will help Mariposa County to grow equitably and sustainably, and address one if its greatest risks—wildfire. In the planning process, the landscape architects investigated how Mariposa’s system of parks, open spaces and trails can fulfill the dual roles of recreation infrastructure to support community-wide health as well as wildfire resilience. The plan delivered strategies for how future investments can augment these efforts.

Building resilience is not just about designing for a different future. Landscape architects are called to action to make decisions differently to plan for a changing and uncertain future. As stressors of climate change and shocks of natural hazards undermine the health, safety and vibrancy of communities, all social systems must contribute to achieve resilient communities. Landscape architects and local plans often influence park system plans that support development and maintenance of parks and recreation amenities. These plans fundamentally pertain to a community’s landscapes and the ways that residents and users engage with and relate to them. As such, they are an opportunity to apply a resiliency framework and align decisions with wider climate change adaptation and risk reduction objectives.

GAME CHANGER

The recreation and resiliency plan for this rural Sierra and Central California county advances the next best practice in recreation planning. It establishes Mariposa County as both a resiliency leader and celebrated place to recreate. The urgency to plan for natural disasters is clear. Locally in Mariposa County, 100 percent of residents believe resiliency is important. Now, and in the years to come, the focus of recreation planning must be ‘how’ landscape architects can approach recreation planning differently. How can a plan address the intersection of recreation and resilience? How can a system confront climate change impacts? How can community health and equity continue to be promoted? The Mariposa Plan is the first of its kind to consider ‘how.’ The result is a plan that advances strategies that leverage parks, trails and open space to reduce the risk of wildfire and supporting disaster response activities.

The goals, guiding policies and actions envisioned within the Mariposa County Recreation and Resiliency Plan represent an innovative re-crafting of recreational opportunities to achieve more diverse offerings while adapting to climate challenges. The Plan reflects the desire of the residents of Mariposa County to have and maintain high quality parks, trails and recreation facilities for use by a growing base of residents and visitors. It represents a desire to leverage funding to enhance recreational opportunity across the amenity-rich rural landscape and acknowledges growing visitation from neighboring central valley counties and beyond. Finally, the Plan is designed to integrate resiliency in every action to support the diverse needs of a new generation of recreational users.

USING RISK AND VULNERABILITY DATA TO INFORM DECISION-MAKING

The components and methodology of the Plan provide a framework for other landscape architects and communities interested in advancing resilient systems of recreation offerings. The Plan’s foundation relied on local data to understand the community context; analyze environmental threats like flood zones, previous wildfire activity, tree mortality areas, and climate projections for the Sierra Nevada region; and identify the county’s most vulnerable populations to protect from climate change-induced disasters. Like many communities, various demographic groups in Mariposa are disproportionately exposed to risks of natural disasters—in this case, wildfire. The landscape architects reviewed population density, median age, Latinx populations, households living below the poverty line, households with children, elderly households, and existing utility corridors.

Data drove decision-making, resulting in a countywide Plan that creates a basis for more equitable access to park space and recreational opportunities while simultaneously reducing exposure to wildfire risk through trail design and development and construction of new parks and facilities. Rather than remain static in recommendations, the planning process engaged key partners who are committed to maintain the Plan’s relevance as new lessons in the area are learned and best practices are adapted. These partners can help to assist in identifying plausible alternative states for climate-sensitive projects into the future. Implementation of the plan is carried out through effective partnerships with regional and local agencies and organizations.

RESILIENT PLANS REQUIRE RESILIENCY IN OUTREACH

In March 2020, stay-at-home orders swept across the country. The landscape architects faced two options: postpone outreach or adapt it despite the unknowns of COVID-19. Adopting the stance that the planning and stakeholder engagement process needed to model adaptive and resilient approaches in the face of a global pandemic, the team changed course and rolled out a suite of digital engagement tools. An ESRI Story Map was constructed on an online platform to develop a shared understanding of recreation and resilience in the county. This interactive website was launched in the summer through a virtual community forum; advertised via social media, email lists, and Mariposa’s county website; and updated with the Plan’s progress. Following the forum, an initial survey was distributed to determine recreation needs, local challenges faced, and opportunities to improve recreation and increase resilience.

Critical to the success of the planning process was the Steering Committee, made up of stakeholders and County staff actively working toward improving public health, addressing climate change, boosting the local economy and increasing recreation opportunities. Using the digital engagement tool, Mural, which substituted an in-person atmosphere with a virtual whiteboard, this group crafted the vision in a virtual workshop facilitated by the landscape architect. This tool was used to establish the Plan goals and recommendations for each recreation district. In the final Steering Committee meeting, ten potential priority recreation and resiliency projects were identified. The final public survey was hosted to determine the opportunities with the greatest potential to impact recreation and resilience in Mariposa County. Respondents were asked to rank the level of impact each project would have on three categories: recreation access and opportunities, community health and wellness, and resilience. This process revealed community consensus around three key projects that blend recreation and resilience, and provided opportunities to achieve Mariposa’s public health, economic development, landscape conservation, and climate change adaptation goals.

FACING THE REALITY OF WILDFIRE

To activate implementation, the Plan establishes a checklist for monitoring ongoing planning, design and implementation of recommendations that mitigate wildfire risks and promote recreation and physical activity, community events, environmental education, habitat restoration. Specific recommendations reflect the needs and opportunities of each recreation zone given their respective size, population distribution, land ownership and level of service. To mobilize these priority projects, partnerships will be critical. Metrics, such as the acres of landscapes with reduced risks, miles of shaded fuel breaks and reintroduction of cultural burning as part of landscape management, were established to monitor the success of each outcome.

Potential funding mechanisms were earmarked to address development and operation costs. The successful implementation of the Plan is contingent upon improving existing facilities, acquiring funding for new facilities, and supporting operation and maintenance. An aggressive and strategic campaign combining multiple sources of funding will be required to maximize funds and fulfill Plan objectives. New and creative methods for financing Mariposa County’s planned improvements and facilities will be made available as there are significant opportunities to scale up funding sources to meet the co-benefits of recreation and resilience.