梅里达住宅 | 融入尤卡坦环境的现代玛雅建筑_住宅建筑_设计案例作品

发布时间：2023-08-10 23:32:57 {{ caseViews }} {{ caseCollects }}

设计亮点

该项目成功地将现代建筑与传统玛雅文化元素结合，创造出与环境相适应的建筑，同时采用了本土元素，使住宅更好地融入尤卡坦环境。

梅里达住宅是一座位于梅里达历史城区中心的独栋别墅，距离城市的中心广场仅有几个街区之隔，并坐落在殖民区内。梅里达不仅是尤卡坦州的首府，同时也是玛雅文化的核心地区。

Casa Mérida is a single family house project located in the historic center of Mérida, a few blocks away from its main central square, in its colonial area. Mérida is the capital of Yucatán, but also the capital of the Mayan culture, Yucatán representing a large part of the mexican mayan territory.

▼项目概览，Preview © Rory Gardiner

梅里达的气候常年湿热，五月的气温峰值可达到40摄氏度；在6月至9月底的雨季，又具有极高的湿度。梅里达是一座离不开空调的城市，人们已经习惯24小时开着空调。在今天，我们如何才能摆脱这种依赖性？而建筑又为我们提供了怎样的可能性？

Mérida has a very peculiar warm weather all year long, with intense temperatures and a peak that can reach 40º celcius in May, as well as a very high level of humidity, specially during the rainy season from June until the end of September. Mérida is a city where life without AC is almost impossible, and where it became very usual to use it 24 hours a day. How can we step back from this intense use of AC Mérida is doing today ? And what could be the possibilities architecture is offering us ?

▼街道视角，View from the street © Rory Gardiner

带着这样的目标去回顾过去，设计团队提出了以下问题：如何才能建造出能够反映并适合于尤卡坦环境特征的建筑，使住宅融入这片土地？换言之，如何才能使这座房子展现出玛雅文化的属性？该项目试图探索现代与传统建筑之间的关系，并通过简单地使用本土元素来将二者联系在一起。

With this goal in mind and having a look at the past, came the following question: How is it possible to build architecture that reflects and considers the yucatán identity, to make this house belong to its territory ? In other words, how could this house be mayan ? Casa Mérida project is exploring the relation between contemporary and traditional architecture, both connected through a very simple use of vernacular references.

▼庭院视角，Courtyard view © Rory Gardiner

初次进入场地时，地块的独特比例就给建筑师留下了深刻的印象。它是一个长80米、宽8米的被打断的长方形，看上去就像是一条巨大的街巷。在此基础上，设计者试图保留80米长的独特视角，并将其作为一条从入口贯穿至场地尽端游泳池的轴线。

When entering for the first time on site, something memorable was the unique proportion of the plot, which is a broken rectangle of 80 meters long X 8 meters wide, looking like a big lane. Here came the one and only idea of the project : to preserve this 80 meters perspective, as a straight line, crossing the entire plot from the entrance door until the ending point, where the swimming pool is located ; Inserting back the traditional air flow cooling concept as a starting point.

▼平面图，Plan © Ludwig Godefroy Architecture

这一做法并非只是为了带来自然的空气流通，它还展现了一种对玛雅古文化以及建筑的回应，更确切地说，是指玛雅人所说的“Sacbé”。其字面意思是白色的小路，通常是以白色石灰土覆盖的石砌道路。

But it was not only about the air circulation, this long perspective is also refering to the mayan antic culture and architecture, and more precisely to its mayan « Sacbé » literally the white path, stoneways covered with white limestone stuc.

▼内部道路，Path © Rory Gardiner

▼庭院细节，Courtyard view © Rory Gardiner

这些直线元素将玛雅城市中的不同元素串联起来，包括寺庙、广场、金字塔和天然井（自然形成的深坑，内部充满清澈的水，用于祭祀和供奉神灵）。这些神圣的道路甚至可以延绵数百公里，一直通向另一处城市场地。通过使用透视法，建筑师将这种简单而充满古典美的元素作为该项目的中心元素和主导理念，使功能空间沿着这条轴线展开，并通过一道长长的混凝土墙从视觉上引导和组织房屋的布局和其内部发生的各种活动——因为它也作为主要的交通走廊来使用。

Those straight lines used to connect all together the different elements, temples, plazas, pyramids and cenotes ( natural sinkhole, full of clear water, used for sacrifice and offers to the gods ) of a mayan city; sacred ways which could even go from one site to another along a few hundred kilometers. By using the perspective, this very simple classical architecture artefact as a central element and main idea, the project got immediatly stuctured along this line, converted then in a long concrete wall guide, a sort of axis visually organizing the house, as well as all the movements, since it’s also working as the main circulation hallway.

▼中心庭院，Central courtyard © Rory Gardiner

▼景观细节，Detailed view © Rory Gardiner

▼混凝土元素，Concrete elements © Rory Gardiner

在项目的第二阶段，这条道路自然而然地成为了一根脊骨般的立柱，因此也成为了承载所有屋顶板的主要混凝土结构元素。通过这根可以让空气自由流通的柱子，梅里达住宅回归了尤卡坦建筑原始且基本的准则：自然的交叉通风。

In a second stage of the project development, it naturally and literally appeared as a vertebral column, therefore it became the main structural concrete element to carry all the rooftop slabs. With its airflow column, Casa Mérida went back to an original and elemental principle of the vernacular yucatec architecture, the natural crossed ventilation.

▼剖面图，Section © Ludwig Godefroy Architecture

下一步的思考是如何将房屋与城市断开，以便更好地控制其环境。主要的做法是在城市中创造一种与世隔绝的乡村环境。

This next concern took the project towards the idea of disconnecting the house from the city to get a better control on it, basically creating a sort of isolated countryside situation in the middle of an urban context.

▼下沉的空间，The sunken space © Rory Gardiner

▼庭院一瞥，A glance to the courtyard © Rory Gardiner

物理上的隔绝 To Physically disconnect

梅里达历史城区中心的房屋通常都与街道相连，社交区域被置于人行道和内部庭院之间，私人的空间被设置在内部庭院的后面，再往里有一个后院，后院末端还有一个功能区域。这种布局的逻辑遵循了从公共到私人领域的过渡。

In the historic center of Mérida traditionally, houses use to be connected with the street, with the social area located between the sidewalk and the inner patio, behind which the private spaces take place, and a backyard at the end. The logic is gradually organized from public to private, and a functional area in the back.

▼后院的混凝土结构，The concrete structure in the backyard © Rory Gardiner

▼泳池，Swimming pool © Rory Gardiner

▼路径，Path © Rory Gardiner

为了将住宅与城市从屋里层面上相隔离，设计团队对布局进行了调整，将社交区域与后院区域分开，同时将客厅、厨房和泳池移动到场地的尽端，也就是最安静的区域，在这里，街道的噪音将不复存在。功能性的后院被调整至前方，作为房屋与城市之间的缓冲带。

To physically disconnect Casa Mérida from the city, the layout has been modified by switching the social area with the backyard area ; sending the living room, kitchen and swimming pool to the end of the land, futhermore the most quiet area where the noise of the street doesn’t reach you anymore ; in order to bring the functional backyard to the front, to use it as a buffer on the city.

类型上的隔绝 To Typologically disconnect

除了房屋正面和背面的变化，整体布局也按照正负空间的规律进行组织，使实体建筑空间的两侧始终有空地的存在，并结合以具有实际功能而非单纯装饰性的花园。室外空间被整合为内部空间的一部分，消除了室内与室外之间的传统边界，并增加了视觉深度，创造出更加开阔的体量感。

In addition to the permutation between front and back, the general layout of the house is also organized according to a regular rythm of positive built area and negative empty area, to always generate empty spaces on both sides of the built spaces, making the gardens participate instead of only being juxtaposed ornamental ones. The outdoor spaces got integrated as part of the inner space, vanishing the classical border between in and out, increasing the visual depth in order to create a more generous amplitude sensation of the volumes.

梅里达住宅的设计颠覆了住宅与花园的经典形式，创造出了一个与住宅融为一体的独特且宜居的花园。

Casa Mérida is inverting the classical scheme of the house with its garden, to create a singular habitable garden with its house.

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