公园山庄是沃默斯利向谢菲尔德引进更多高密度住房的战略的一部分，他认为这将培养出比无处不在的背靠背梯田更强烈的社区意识。[1]这一政策与清除贫民窟的迫切需要同时进行；公园是一个以犯罪率高而臭名昭著的贫民窟，当地被称为“小芝加哥”，为了给这个庄园让路，公园被拆除了。

The Park Hill Estate was part of Womersley’s strategy to introduce more high-density housing to Sheffield, which he believed would foster a stronger sense of community than the ubiquitous back-to-back terraces.[1] This policy went hand in hand with an urgent need for slum clearance; The Park, a slum so notorious for its high crime rate that it was known locally as ‘Little Chicago,’ was demolished to make way for the estate.

Before and after renovation. Image © Paul Dobraszczyk

翻新前后。图像(Paul Dobraszczyk)

在很多方面，这个地方都是雄心勃勃的住房计划的完美孵化器。它的高耸位置将为居民们提供广阔的视野和新鲜的空气。在盛行西南风的情况下，该屋亦会在很大程度上避免重工业对东北地区的污染。市中心离这里只有很短的路程，居民可以快速上下班，而不必依赖公共交通。此外，该地区的地质构成使其能够承受一次高层开发的沉重负荷。这一地点的选择也可能受到国外住房项目的影响；1954年，沃默斯利带着委员会住房委员会的几名成员参观了西欧，研究欧洲大陆的高层发展。他的旅伴之一是兰伯特议员，他后来描述了“山顶建筑的建筑逐渐产生了意大利山城的魅力”[2]。

The site was, in many ways, the perfect incubator for an ambitious housing scheme. Its elevated position would afford residents sweeping views and fresh air. Given the prevailing south-westerly wind, the estate would also largely escape pollution from the heavy industries to the north-east. The city center is just a short walk away, allowing residents to quickly commute to work without having to rely on public transport. Furthermore, the geological makeup of the area was such that it could bear the heavy load of a high-rise development. This choice of location may also have been influenced by housing projects abroad; in 1954, Womersley took several members of the Council Housing Committee on a tour of Western Europe to study high-rise developments on the continent. One of his travelling companions was Councilor Lambert, who later described how “the building up of hill-top architectural compositions is gradually producing something of the fascination of the Italian hill towns.”[2]

公园山由四座由高层桥梁连接的住宅区组成，此外还有大量的地面建筑，包括商店、酒吧、洗衣房、游乐场和一所学校。住宅楼高4~14层，为钢筋混凝土加砖网架。暴露的框架创造了一个砖板的马赛克，它的颜色从紫色逐渐转变为兵马俑、红色和奶油。[3]这一设计细节是由建筑主义艺术家约翰·福雷斯特推荐的，他是在林恩偶然在一家画廊偶然发现他的一些建筑并注意到福雷斯特的作品和他自己的作品之间的一些相似之处后，作为该项目的合作者而被引入的。

Park Hill comprises four residential blocks linked by high-level bridges, alongside an extensive ground-level development of shops, pubs, laundry rooms, a playground, and a school. The structure of the residential blocks, which range from four to fourteen stories high, is a grid frame of reinforced concrete infilled with brick. The exposed frame creates a mosaic of brick panels which progressively change in color from purple to terracotta, red and cream.[3] This design detail was recommended by Constructivist artist John Forrester, who had been brought in as a collaborator on the project after Lynn had chanced upon some of his constructions in a gallery and noted certain parallels between Forrester’s work and his own.[4]

© Paul Dobraszczyk

c.Paul Dobraszczyk

雷纳·班纳姆在1961年的作品中，将新建住宅的特征提炼成一个词：“统一”。[5]在计划中，住宅街区似乎是不同的；实际上，它们是一座有凝聚力的建筑。这种凝聚力在很大程度上是由于具有开创性的行人导航和流通系统，这一系统得到了广泛的承认，并最终成为典范。建筑师们创造了所谓的“天空中的街道”，甲板十英尺宽，延伸了街区的长度，从那里可以进入公寓。除了最上面的街道外，每条街道都是从一端或两端一直延伸到地面的。就像传统的公路网一样，街道提供了广泛的行动自由，并与桥梁一起设计，将独立的公寓楼连接在一起，形成一个统一的整体。

Writing in 1961, Reyner Banham distilled the character of the newly-built estate into a single word: unity.[5] In plan, the residential blocks appear to be distinct; in reality, they function as one cohesive building. This cohesion is largely due to the groundbreaking system of pedestrian navigation and circulation for which the estate gained widespread recognition and of which it ultimately became paradigmatic. The architects created what would become known as ‘streets in the sky;’ decks ten feet wide which stretch the length of the blocks and from which apartments are accessed. With the exception of the uppermost street, each run down to ground level at one or both ends. Much like a traditional road network, the streets offer extensive freedom of movement and, together with the bridges, are designed to bind the separate apartment buildings together to create a unified whole.

该庄园的设计是为了复制英国传统住宅中存在的强烈的社区意识；甲板模仿林恩家乡北西顿(North Seaton)的露台矿工住宅之间的小巷的社会功能。[6]由于不受这些因素的影响，而且通常交通畅通无阻，人们正确地预测，它们将被用作儿童玩耍和家庭主妇社交的场所。厚厚的甲板宽度也让小型电动牛奶漂浮在街道上，直接送到居民的门上。通过鼓励沿楼盘水平轴线的相互作用，建筑师避免了高层建筑居民经常遇到的社会孤立问题。在引用熟悉的建筑传统和社会空间时，他们也为那些从谢菲尔德其他地方的露台搬进庄园的人提供了方便。

The estate was designed to replicate the strong sense of community found in traditional British housing; the decks emulate the social function of the alleyways between terraced miners’ houses found in Lynn’s hometown of North Seaton.[6] Shielded from the elements and generally traffic-free, it was correctly predicted that they would be used as areas for children to play and housewives to socialize. The generous width of the decks also allowed small electric milk floats to drive through the streets and make deliveries directly to residents’ doors. By encouraging interaction along the horizontal axes of the estate, the architects avoided the problem of social isolation often experienced by residents of high-rise buildings. In referencing familiar architectural traditions and social spaces, they also eased the transition for those who moved into the estate from terraces elsewhere in Sheffield.

© Paul Dobraszczyk

c.Paul Dobraszczyk

为了创造一种连续性和稳定性，来自被拆除的公园贫民窟的邻居被安置在公园山附近的公寓里，街道甚至被命名为与他们所取代的街道相同的名字。屋内紧密的社区联系是其巨大的成功之一，林恩回忆道：“钓鱼旅行、招待老人、跳舞和许多其他社会活动”，各种各样的房客协会纷纷涌现起来，组织起来。

To create a sense of continuity and stability, neighbors from the demolished Park slum were rehoused in adjacent apartments in Park Hill, and the streets were even given the same names as those which they replaced. The strong community ties within the estate were one of its resounding successes, with various tenants’ associations springing up to organize, as Lynn recounted, “fishing trips, treats for old folk, dances and a host of other social activities.”[7]

住宅大厦的构成，亦加强了这种社区精神。整个庄园都有一个单独的屋顶，其高度随地块的高度而变化，以适应坡地的需要。因此，从街道上往外看的居民可以看到另一个街区，这是他们自己在眼睛层面上看到的；这是对所谓的社会住房平等性质的一个视觉隐喻。这些街区沿着遗址的西边形成了一堵墙，在庄园和市中心之间形成了一条边界，就好像在划定公园山的领土一样。这些街区从这堵墙向东延伸，摇篮着地面的便利设施，营造了一种与世隔绝和安全的氛围。这些弯曲的四肢所包围的区域随着积木高度的增加而增大，以帮助空气流通，避免任何幽闭恐惧症。

The composition of the residential blocks also strengthened this community spirit. A single roofline was maintained throughout the estate, with the height of blocks varying to accommodate for the sloping site. As a result, residents looking out from the street deck see another block at eye-level with their own; a visual metaphor for the purported egalitarian nature of social housing. The blocks form a wall along the western edge of the site, creating a boundary between the estate and the city center as if to demarcate Park Hill’s territory. The blocks sprout eastwards from this wall, cradling the ground-level amenities to create an atmosphere of seclusion and security. The area encompassed by these curved limbs increases in size with the height of the blocks in order to aid air circulation and avoid any sense of claustrophobia.[8]

© Paul Dobraszczyk

c.Paul Dobraszczyk

林恩和史密斯在短短六周内完成了公园山的初步设计，这对于一个包括995套可容纳3，000人的公寓的开发来说，是一项了不起的壮举。他们的产出速度至少可以部分归因于他们没有为这些住宅设计一个完整的建筑立面。相反，他们把精力集中在创建一个H型模板上，该模板由四套公寓组成，可以在现场的不同配置中复制，还可以大规模生产建筑。甲板形成了“H”的横梁，提供了通往下面两间公寓和上方两间大公寓的通道。这种配置意味着街道只需要每三层楼就放置一层，从而减少了成本和施工时间。

Lynn and Smith drew up the initial designs for Park Hill in just six weeks, a remarkable feat for a development which included 995 flats for 3,000 people. The speed of their output can be at least partly attributed to the fact that they did not draw up a complete architectural elevation for the residential blocks. Instead, they focused their efforts on creating an H-shaped template, comprising four apartments, which could be replicated in various configurations across the site; an architectural mass production. The deck forms the crossbar of the ‘H’, providing access to two apartments below and two maisonettes above. This configuration meant that streets only needed to be placed every three stories, thereby cutting down on both cost and construction time.

公园山(Park Hill)与勒柯布西耶(Le Cor布西耶)在马赛的“联合港湾”(Unite d‘Habation)之间存在相似之处，该项目于1952年完工，每三层楼都有一个巧妙的走廊通道。林恩承认，美国的影响是深远的[9]，但这绝不是唯一的，甚至是主要的灵感来源的公园山。“天空中的街道”的概念是由艾莉森和彼得·史密森(Peter Smithson)倡导的，他们曾在建筑协会教过林恩，后来在他们位于伦敦的罗宾汉花园(Robin Hood Gardens)庄园里使用了这个系统，效果非常好。

Parallels have been drawn between Park Hill and Le Corbusier’s Unite d’Habitation in Marseilles, which had been completed in 1952 and which also included an ingenious corridor access system on every third floor. Lynn acknowledged that the impact of the Unite d’Habitation was far-reaching[9], but this was by no means the sole, or even primary, source of inspiration for Park Hill. The concept of ‘streets in the sky’ had been championed by Alison and Peter Smithson, who had taught Lynn at the Architectural Association and who would later employ the system to great effect at their Robin Hood Gardens estate in London.

© Paul Dobraszczyk

c.Paul Dobraszczyk

© Paul Dobraszczyk

c.Paul Dobraszczyk

公园山一开业，就被誉为社会住宅设计上的一项突破。这是多部电影的主题，通过在国家电视台播出的三部分纪录片获得广泛的宣传，许多建筑师前往谢菲尔德朝圣来研究这片土地。然而，它的鼎盛时期是可悲的短命。随后出现的许多问题都是结构性的：混凝土迅速剥落，安装在公寓里的garchey垃圾系统价格昂贵得令人望而却步，居民抱怨隔音能力不足。然而，房地产的真正崩溃，是20世纪70年代谢菲尔德钢铁业的崩溃造成的。公园山是许多钢铁工人的家园，大量的失业导致该庄园内的犯罪急剧增加，很快由于破坏和忽视而变得破旧不堪。

Upon its opening, Park Hill was lauded as a breakthrough in social housing design. It was the subject of multiple films, gaining widespread publicity through a three-part documentary broadcast on national television, and many architects made pilgrimages to Sheffield to study the estate. Nevertheless, its heyday was tragically short-lived. Many of the ensuing problems were structural: the concrete rapidly spalled, the Garchey refuse system installed in the apartments proved prohibitively expensive to operate, and residents complained of insufficient sound-proofing. The real downfall of the estate, though, was brought about by the collapse of the steel industry in Sheffield in the 1970s. Park Hill was home to many steelworkers, and mass unemployment caused a huge surge in crime within the estate, which soon became dilapidated through vandalism and neglect.[10]

尽管一再呼吁拆除该地产，但在1998年，英国遗产有争议地授予其二级上市地位，从而使其成为欧洲最大的上市机构。2004年，谢菲尔德市议会将一份合同授予开发商“城市飞溅”(UrbanSplash)，以保护其不被拆迁，而且缺乏必要的资金来翻新这片土地。目前正在进行的大规模重建工作包括拆除混凝土框架以外的一切。作为一个主要的商业发展，许多社会风气的原始财产已经失去。然而，空中的公寓结构和标志性街道仍然存在，尽管后者已被缩小，以扩大前者的规模。参考原始设计特点，与明亮颜色的铝板取代砖填充。史密斯把这次重建形容为“一个新的开始”[11]，这表明，即使是在其改变的状态下，公园山仍然表现出对未来的乐观态度，就像它最初建成时一样。

Despite repeated calls for the estate to be torn down, in 1998 English Heritage controversially awarded it a Grade II* listed status, thereby making it Europe’s largest listed structure. With the estate protected from demolition, and lacking the funds necessary to renovate the estate themselves, in 2004 Sheffield City Council awarded a contract to developers Urban Splash to regenerate the site. The ongoing extensive redevelopment work involved the removal of everything but the concrete frame. As a primarily commercial development, much of the social ethos of the original estate has been lost. Nevertheless, the apartment configuration and signature streets in the sky remain, though the latter has been narrowed in order to increase the size of the former. References to original design features are also made, with brightly colored aluminum panels replacing the brick infills. Smith described the redevelopment as “a new beginning”[11], suggesting that, even in its altered state, Park Hill continues to embody the same optimism for the future as it did when it was first built.

© Paul Dobraszczyk

c.Paul Dobraszczyk

© Paul Dobraszczyk

c.Paul Dobraszczyk

参考文献[1]Harwood，Elain。空间，希望与布鲁塔主义：英国建筑，1945-1975年。伦敦：耶鲁大学出版社，2015年。P.76[2]同上。[3]“公园山”。历史悠久的英国。2016年6月28日查阅。[4]林恩，杰克。谢菲尔德公园山发展：设计的发展。“RIBA杂志”，第69期，1962年。第454页[5]巴纳姆，雷纳。“公园山住宅，谢菲尔德”，在建筑评论，130(778)，1961年。p 404[6]同上。哈伍德。P.80[7]同上。林恩。第457页[8]“公园山和海德公园研究指南”。谢菲尔德县议会。2016年6月28日查阅。P.17[查阅][9]同上。林恩。第447页[10]Orazi，Stefi。现代主义遗产：建筑物和居住在其中的人。伦敦：弗朗西丝·林肯，2015年。第73页[11]“公园山的开始价格和新房开工日期倒计时”，2011年9月9日，“城市飞溅”。2016年6月28日查阅。[进入]

References [1] Harwood, Elain. Space, Hope and Brutalism: English architecture, 1945-1975. London: Yale University Press, 2015. p.76 [2] Ibid. [3] “Park Hill”. Historic England. Accessed 28 June, 2016. [access] [4] Lynn, Jack. “Park Hill Development, Sheffield: The Development of the Design”. In RIBA Journal, 69, 1962. p.454 [5] Banham, Reyner. “Park Hill housing, Sheffield” In The Architectural Review, 130(778), 1961. p404 [6] Ibid. Harwood. p.80 [7] Ibid. Lynn. p.457 [8] “Park Hill and Hyde Park Study Guide”. Sheffield County Council. Accessed 28 June, 2016. p.17 [access] [9] Ibid. Lynn. p.447 [10] Orazi, Stefi. Modernist Estates: the buildings and the people who live in them today. London: Frances Lincoln, 2015. p.73 [11] “Countdown to Park Hill opening starting prices and launch date for new homes announced” Urban Splash, 9 September, 2011. Accessed 28 June, 2016. [access]

建筑师Jack Lynn和Ivor Smith Location Park Hill，Sheffield S2，联合王国类别社会住房建筑师伊戈尔·史密斯城市建筑师约翰·刘易斯·沃默斯利项目助理约翰·福雷斯特地区1961年项目年69000.0平方米

Architects Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith Location Park Hill, Sheffield S2, United Kingdom Category Social Housing Architect Ivor Smith City Architect John Lewis Womersley Project Assistant John Forrester Area 69000.0 m2 Project Year 1961